Bilingual Education vs. "English Only" Movements

2021 Guides - Theme: Communication in History
Photograph of an unidentified student participating in a bilingual class. at Del Pueblo Elementary School in Denver, Colorado.

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Example Keywords & Catalog Subject Headings

Special Collections and Archives Resources

The Special Collections and Archives at the Central Library focus on Colorado and the West, including the Tenth Mountain Division, Conservation history, and the history of Denver, and feature many primary source materials. 

The Special Collections and Archives at the Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library focus on African American history and culture in Colorado and the West, and also feature many primary source collections.

Items from these two locations do not check out and are available to see during the hours we are open. Our Special Collections staff are available to assist by phone and email and can provide scans of collection items for your project. To determine which of these two locations is best for your project, email history@denverlibrary.org and include "National History Day" in your subject line. You may also call 720-865-1821 (Central) or 720-865-2401 (Blair-Caldwell). 

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Internet Sources

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The Westside Recorder was published in the West Side neighborhood of Denver in the 1960s and 1970s, and is an excellent primary source for the Hispanic and Chicano rights movement of that era.
Article outlines the recent increase in advocacy for English as an official national language, and discusses organizations pushing for "English Only." The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service news source, headquartered in London but broadcasting in English in more than 200 countries and territories worldwide.
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 was the first national law that addressed the needs of students from environments where another language was dominant. It provided for financial assistance to local educational agencies "to develop and carry out new and imaginative elementary and secondary school programs designed to meet these special educational needs." The act was later clarified through several amendments in 1974, 1978, 1984, and 1988, and was reauthorized in 1994. A significant court decision that followed included Lau v. Nichols (see below). This is the text of the original act. Scroll down to Title VII for the relevant section.
This Supreme Court case determined that "the failure of the San Francisco school system to provide English language instruction to approximately 1,800 students of Chinese ancestry who do not speak English, or to provide them with other adequate instructional procedures, denies them a meaningful opportunity to participate in the public educational program, and thus violates § 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964...." This site contains detailed facts of the case, links to the opinion (click on "414 US 563 (1974)" under "citation"), and includes audio recordings of the oral arguments and opinion announcement.
This guide was published by the Federal government though the U.S. Government Printing Office in 1943. It was intended for use by teachers of foreign-born students.
Article in Bilingual Research Journal, 27 (3), January 2003, hosted on website of the National Education Policy Center. The NEPC is a university research center housed at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

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